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    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/new-cover-page</loc>
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    <lastmod>2016-06-22</lastmod>
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    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/about</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-11-06</lastmod>
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      <image:caption>Projected structure of green florescence protein (GFP) based on crystal structure.</image:caption>
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    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/welcome</loc>
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    <lastmod>2016-01-28</lastmod>
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      <image:title>HOME</image:title>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/read-me</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-12-12</lastmod>
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    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/contact</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-12-12</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 4. Barrier 1. The lack of effective tools for early detection of HGSC is largely because we did not know the precursor lesions of HGSC until recent research findings proposed a new paradigm- many HGSCs are derived from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) in the fallopian tube, especially the fimbriated ends. STIC cells can then shed onto ovarian and peritoneal surfaces to become an “ovarian” carcinoma.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Gross picture of an ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma involving small intestine. High-grade serous carcinoma is the most common and aggressive type of ovarian epithelial carcinoma. It is always diagnosed at advanced stage (like this case illustrated). The 5-year survival rate is less than 40%.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/56796e15df40f3876baee2e3/1458077363008-ND7TOV3VS24HYKNJOSIW/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fig. 7B. PD-1 positive T lymphocytes infiltrate a high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/56796e15df40f3876baee2e3/1455183979389-WX05HX45OH3XZ376WJQT/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 5. After chemotherapy (carboplatin and paciltaxel), the majority of ovarian HGSC cells die, forming tumor necrosis. However, tumor cells that are refractory to chemotherapy survive and expand to form a recurrent tumor. It is the recurrent chemoresistant tumor cells that cause cancer-related morbidity and mortality.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/56796e15df40f3876baee2e3/1454110446237-V12LN2I6VSPROTZLRMWZ/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 2. Carcinogenesis of endometriosis-associated ovarian neoplasms. Ovarian endometrioma (depicted) is lined by a single layer of endometriotic epithelium. Repeated hemorrhage as occurs during menstruation creates a highly inflammatory microenvironment. Reactive oxygen species are produced through the Fenton's reaction in the presence of abundance ferrous iron. These free radicals are highly genotoxic and may damage DNA of epithelial cells, a prerequisite step leading to gene mutations.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Cancer SPORE</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 3. The histologic features of an ovarian clear cell carcinoma (H&amp;E, left panel). An identical PIK3CA somatic mutation is detected in both clear cell carcinoma and the adjacent endometriotic cyst epithelium, suggesting that endometriotic cyst epithelium is the precursor of clear cell carcinoma.</image:caption>
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    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/home</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-11-06</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Research concepts - Incipient cancer cells from a fallopian tube</image:title>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/new-page-2</loc>
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    <lastmod>2017-04-24</lastmod>
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      <image:caption>NAC1 knockdown impaired cytokinesis and resulted in polyploidy cells.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>A corner at the Gynecologic Pathology Laboratory (outside the cold room)</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/alumni</loc>
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    <lastmod>2019-06-10</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Alumni</image:title>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/origin-of-ovarian-cancer</loc>
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    <lastmod>2016-03-21</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/resource-sharing</loc>
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    <lastmod>2016-04-06</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/research-topics</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-12-12</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Research projects</image:title>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/people</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-11-06</lastmod>
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      <image:title>People</image:title>
      <image:caption>Lab members 2018</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>http://gynecologycancer.org/new-page</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-11-07</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Ovarian Precancer Atlas</image:title>
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